Introduction and Scope: Defining the Prenatal Risk Alcohol use during pregnancy, often referred to as prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), represents one of the most significant preventable causes of neurodevelopmental disorders and congenital anomalies globally. The scientific and medical consensus is unequivocal: there is no known safe level of alcohol consumption at any point during gestation. […]
Introduction and Scope Attitudes toward substance use in pregnancy constitute a critical area of study within public health, psychology, and bioethics, reflecting deep-seated societal values concerning motherhood, fetal vulnerability, and personal autonomy. These attitudes are complex, ranging from punitive moral condemnation to empathetic calls for comprehensive medical intervention and support. Understanding the prevailing attitudes—held by […]